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CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Letter of submittal. iv 

Introduction. 1 

Countries producing and exporting oils. 1 

Countries producing and exporting oil materials. 3 

Consuming countries. 4 

Leading vegetable oils and oil materials. 5 

Palm oil and palm kernels. 6 

Coconut oil and copra. 6 

Cotton seed and cottonseed oil. 7 

Peanuts and peanut oil. 7 

Linseed oil. 8 

Rubber-seed oil. 8 

Rapeseed oil. 8 

Sesame. 9 

Olive oil. 9 

Corn oil. 9 

Castor oil. 9 

Soya-bean oil. 9 

Miscellaneous oilseeds. 10 

Factors making for permanency of trade. 10 

Trade statistics. 12 

Trade in vegetable oils and oil materials by principal countries. 12 

Gross exports of vegetable oil materials from chief producing countries. 13 

Trade in vegetable oils and oil materials by articles and principal countries. 14 

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LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. 


Department of Commerce, 

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, 

Washington , January 31 , 1922. 

Sir; There is submitted herewith a report on the vegetable oils 
and oil materials in international commerce, prepared in the Division 
of Research by 0. W. Barrett and John A. Dunaway, assisted by 
Miss A. Hazel Swift. The statistical tables accompanying the report 
show imports and exports of those oils and materials for a pre-war 
year, 1913, and for the post-war years 1919 and 1920. Statistics 
for 1921 are not included, since they are available for very few of 
the countries involved in this trade. In view of the growing impor¬ 
tance of vegetable oils for food and technical uses, it is thought that 
this report will be of interest to a large number of American business 
men. 

Respectfully, 

Julius Klein, 

To Hon. Herbert Hoover, Director . 

Secretary of Commerce . 

IV 


LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

AUG 11 

division of oocmitwK 







VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS IN 
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE. 


INTRODUCTION. 


There has been a falling off in the world trade in vegetable oils 
and oil materials since 1913. The trade in 1920 was approximately 
12 per cent less than in 1919, while in 1919 it was about 8 per cent 
less than in 1913. 1 From a consideration of the known factors of the 
trade, however, this decrease appears to be a part of the general world 
commercial depression rather than a permanent setback. 

The accompanying tables have been compiled to show the volume 
of imports and exports of vegetable oils ana oil materials of the prin¬ 
cipal producing and consuming countries for 1913, 1919, and 1920. 
By comparison of 1913 (the latest year unaffected by the war) with 
1919 and 1920, an indication of the pre-war distribution and impor¬ 
tance of the trade is secured and certain of the post-war trends are 
shown. While these latter trends may not be considered normal, it 
may be useful to note them in this period of trade readjustments. 

It should be borne in mind that these tables are not complete, in 
that they do not take account of the export of vegetable oils in other 
products. A country may produce or import a great amount of oil 
material, the oil from which is exported in soap, margarine, or other 
products, and not as oil. Values are omitted in the tables since 
abnormal exchange conditions make value comparisons almost 
useless. 

COUNTRIES PRODUCING AND EXPORTING OILS. 


While vegetable oils are produced in nearly all parts of the world, 
and enter largely into foreign trade, in many countries the whole 
product is consumed at home. Other countries, which have large 
exports, have correspondingly large imports. Spain is the only 
European country which, at the present time, produces a surplus of 
oil. The other countries of the world, which had net exports of oil 
in 1919, were from the same general region in Asia, as the following 


table shows: 


Short tons. 


China. 301,000 

Philippine Islands. 153,000 

Spain. 124,000 

Dutch East Indies... 84, 000 

Ceylon. 37,000 

British India.-. 30, 000 

Japan. 25,000 


While the increase in net oil exports of some of the principal pro¬ 
ducing countries from 1913 to 1919 indicates the extent to which 
crushing mills are being established in the producing countries and 


1 Combining totals for oil and oil materials on the basis of 1 pound of oil equals 3 pounds o f materials. 











2 


VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS. 


the surplus production exported as oil, it is nevertheless true that the 
greater part of the vegetable oil of the world enters foreign trade as 
oil material. A great saving in transportation costs would result if 
all the oil were crushed in the producing countries, and this saving 
may in time overcome the factors which tend to keep the oil materials 
afloat. In discussing the .factors which are tending to keep copra 
afloat, Commerce Reports (issue of Nov. 7, 1921) says: 

One of the important developments in the copra trade during the last five years is 
the establishment of a great many copra-crushing mills in the Pacific countries, espe¬ 
cially in the Philippines, Dutch East Indies, Australia, the Straits Settlements, and 
French Oceania. Crushing the oil where produced not only saves freight charges but 
prevents a great amount of spoilage of copra in storage and shipment. It likewise 
results in a better grade of oil. 

In most of the Pacific countries suitable containers for the oil are scarce. Steel 
drums are expensive, especially in Pacific countries, because of heavy transportation 
charges, and, moreover, are short lived. Wooden barrels are unsatisfactory. Second¬ 
hand kerosene tins are fairly cheap in some localities, but they rust quickly, resulting 
in great leakage of oil. Transportation in tank steamers wouid be more efficient, but 
tankers which have been used in the petroleum trade can not well be used for edible 
oil and the tankers can not well afford to make the return voyage in ballast. 

When the copra arrives at the mill in the Pacific there may be no containers available 
for the extracted oil and the mill may therefore refuse the decaying copra except at a 
fraction of its normal price. Much copra is forced into longer journeys to Europe 
because of this shortage of oil containers, and this has caused great losses to the industry 
in lowered prices, spoilage in transit, and low-grade oil made from partially decayed 
copra. 

One other factor has contributed toward keeping copra afloat in the Pacific, moving 
toward Europe and America and away from the local crushing mills, namely, the 
strong demand in Europe for “ poonac, ” as the copra cake is called after the oil has 
been removed. Poonac is of little or no value in the Pacific countries; therefore the 
saying, “Poonac pays the freight, ”has a real significance. It seems likely, therefore, 
that copra will continue to be an important export commodity even in those countries 
supplied with crushing mills ample to handle the entire local production. The 
almost utter absence of oil mills in Polynesia and in the great copra-producing countries 
of the western Pacific forces nearly the entire production, estimated at 125,000 tons, 
into bottoms plying between Sydney, San Francisco, Japan, and Singapore. In 
April of the current year all but one of the “ Insulinde ” mills in the Dutch East Indies 
were idle, and many of the fine new plants in the Philippines were in serious straits 
with heavy cargoes of copra moving away from their doors. 

In Europe poonac has for 15 years been highly esteemed as a concentrated feed for 
dairy cattle. In fact, some experiments in England have indicated that poonac 
actually stimulates milk secretion, besides supplying the fatty elements of the fluid 
itself. Two tons of copra, worth about £64 at the mill in England, would yield a little 
over 1 ton of coconut oil worth about £53 and nearly 1 ton. of cake worth about £15, a 
profit at the plant of nearly or quite £5 on the 2 tons, due in good part to the value of 
the poonac, which is nearly one-half the value of the copra ton for ton. 

China .—China leads the world in net exports of vegetable oils. 
Its leadership rests principally upon the great soya-bean crop of 
Manchuria. While China’s oil exports have more than doubled since 
1913, there has been little increase in its exports of oil materials. 

Spain .—Spain is important for its production of oil materials. Its 
surplus is exported largely in the form of oil. Spain imports some 
raw materials, but these imports are unimportant in comparison to 
its oil exports. Enormous quantities of oil are consumed in Spain, 
the yearly per capita consumption of olive oil alone being estimated 
at 25 pounds. The exports of oil from Spain increased from 
66,632,000 pounds in 1913 to 252,057,000 pounds in 1919. In the 
same period Spanish imports of oil materials decreased from 
156,192,000 to 54,474,000 pounds. There was a decided falling off 
in oil exports in 1920 over 1919, due apparently to the general com¬ 
mercial depression rather than to failure in the supply. 


VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS. 


3 


Dutch East Indies .—The downward trend of the trade of the Dutch 
East Indies in both vegetable oils and oil materials in 1920 is evident 
from these tables, although figures are available for Java and Madura 
only. The exports of vegetable oils fell off considerably in the latter 
half of 1920 along with the great slump in the general foreign trade. 
The increase in oil exports in 1919 over 1913 was made possible by 
the establishment of crushing mills in the islands, and these mills are 
capable of handling a much greater proportion of the locally produced 
oil materials. 

Philippine Islands .—The great increase in oil exports of the Philip¬ 
pine Islands from 11,046,000 pounds in 1913 to 308,823,000 pounds 
in 1919, indicates the growth of the oil-mill industry, as well as an 
increase in production of oil materials, since the decrease in exports of 
oil materials did not offset the increase in oil exports. The general 
depression of 1920 was reflected in the oil exports of the Philippine 
Islands, and the volume was but little more than half that of 1919. 

Ceylon .—In comparison to its size, Ceylon is the greatest oil and 
oil-material producing country. To the figures as given in Table I 
should be added the amounts of desiccated coconut exported—35,000 
tons in 1919 and 29,000 tons in 1920. Ceylon also consumes large 
quantities of oil stuffs locally. It is estimated that 500,000,000 coco¬ 
nuts are eaten in the fresh state annually in Ceylon. 

COUNTRIES PRODUCING AND EXPORTING OIL MATERIALS. 

Many of the countries producing oil stuffs are not equipped with 
crushing and refining mills; hence they must export their surplus in 
the form of the raw materials. (See Table II.) It should be noted 
that while the total exports from this group of countries decreased 
from 8,647,000,000 pounds in 1913 to 6,819,000,000 pounds in 1919, 
and to 4,707,000,000 pounds in 1920, this was partly offset by in¬ 
creased exports of oil from certain of the countries in 1919, as com¬ 
pared with 1913. The decrease in 1920 was most marked in three 
countries—British India, Argentina, and the Dutch East Indies. 

In 1919 Argentina led the world in net exports of oil stuffs, due 
principally to its vast flaxseed production, but dropped back to 
second place in 1920. British India, first in 1913, retained first 

E lace in 1920, although in the latter year its exports were less than 
alf those of 1913. In both 1919 and 1920 China ranked third in 
gross exports of oil materials. Egypt dropped from third place in 
1913 to fourth in 1920. This decrease was not offset by oil exports, 
since they had also decreased by some 25 per cent. The place held 
by the Dutch East Indies was close to that of China in 1919, but 
the incomplete figures indicate that the difference was greater in 1920. 
The fall in Philippine exports from 184,140,538 pounds in 1913 to 
57,919,456 pounds in 1920 was more than compensated for by an 
increase in exports of oil. 

Brazil is one of the few countries which had a larger gross export 
of oil materials in 1920 than in 1913. Brazilian production is 
capable of great expansion, due to its available land and its great 
variety of oil plants, such as kernel-bearing palms, African oil palms, 
the Batiputa berry, and cotton seed. 

The figures for the Straits Settlements and the Malay States need 
explanation. They are obtained mostly from the returns of the 
Straits Settlements, and the “imports, therefore, refer largely to 


4 


VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS. 


materials shipped from the Federated and Non-Federated Malay 
States to Singapore for export. The import figures therefore may 
largely be disregarded, and the export figures may be considered as 
applying to exports from all of the Malay States. 

While data are unavailable for production of oil and oil materials 
in Russia, Belgian Kongo, Indo-China, and Turkestan, it is well 
known that these regions are great producers of oil materials and that 
production can be greatly increased. 

CONSUMING COUNTRIES. 

It is evident from the tables that the flow of world trade in vegetable 
oils and materials is mainly from the tropical and semitropical 
agricultural lands of Asia and South America toward the industrial 
lands of the North Temperate Zone. It is also to be noted that, 
although the imports of the United States are large and have greatly 
increased since 1913, the bulk of this trade is with Europe. 

Germany .—In 1913 Germany led the world in the importation of oil 
materials (3,852,000,000 pounds), exceeding the United Kingdom by 
290,000,000 pounds, but in 1920 it took fifth place, with an importation 
of 727,258,000 pounds, which was less than half that of France. The 
decline in German imports accounts for three-fourths of the decrease 
in the 1920 exports of oil materials from the principal producing coun¬ 
tries, as compared with the exports in 1913. (See Table II.) During 
this period German oil imports more than doubled, while exports 
of both oils and materials almost disappeared. In 1920 German net 
imports of oils and materials (estimating 3 pounds of materials 
as being equal to 1 pound of oil) were less than half those of 1913. 

United Kingdom .—The United Kingdom imported larger amounts 
of oil materials in 1919 and 1920 than any other country. Its oil¬ 
seed crushing industry is the largest in the world. It also leads the 
world in excess of imports of oil and oil materials over exports. 
There was less change in the trade of the United Kingdom in these 
materials between 1913, 1919, and 1920 than in that of any other 
country covered by these tables. The United Kingdom’s net imports 
of oil materials in 1920 'were over 3,000,000,000 pounds—equal to 
those of France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark, and 
74 per cent in excess of those of the United States. 

United States .—In 1913 the United States was surpassed by the 
United Kingdom, not only in the oil-materials trade, but also in the 
imports and exports of vegetable oils. In 1919 and 1920, however, 
the oil imports and exports of the United States exceeded those of 
the United Kingdom, while the oil materials had increased from about 
one-seventh that of the United Kingdom in 1913 to nearly three- 
fifths in 1920. Moreover, the tables do not indicate the great 
quantity of vegetable oils exported from the United States in the 
form of soap, margarine, and similar products. In estimating the 
importance of trade in vegetable oils and materials, it should be 
noted that the value of the imports of oil into the United States in 
1920 equaled approximately the value of imports of oil materials, 
the combined value ($208,800,000) was slightly less than imports of 
rubber ($242,000,000) and hides and skins ($243,000,000), which 
were exceeded in value only by imports of coffee, silk, and sugar. 

Netherlands .—The imports of oil into the Netherlands in 1920 were 
approximately equal to the exports. The imports of oil materials 


VEGETABLE oils and oil materials. 


5 


were about 550,000,000 pounds greater than exports, which, compared 
with figures for 1913, indicate a considerable decrease in the amount 
available for consumption, for in 1913 the imports exceeded the 
exports by 54,286,000 pounds of oil and 805,078,000 pounds of oil 
materials. It is also to be noted that there was a considerable 
decrease in the amount of oil materials crushed in the Netherlands in 
1920 as compared with 1913. 

Belgium— In 1913, and again in 1920, the oil imports and exports 
of Belgium were approximately equal, although the exports in 1920 
were but slightly more than half those of 1913. The imports of oil 
materials into Belgium decreased from over 800,000,000 pounds in 
1913 to slightly more than 60,000,000 pounds in 1920, while exports 
of materials fell from 484,000,000 to 12,000,000 pounds, indicating a 
decrease in consumption and in oil-mill output. 

France .—The net imports of oil materials into France decreased 
from 2,205,000,000 pounds in 1913 to 1,432,000,000 pounds in 1920. 
This decrease was offset only in part by the increased surplus of oil 
imports over exports in 1920, as compared with 1913, amounting to 
168,000,000 pounds. 

Italy .—Net imports of oil and oil materials into Italy increased in 
1920, as compared with 1913, indicating a greater dependence upon 
imported oil. 

Denmark .—In 1920 Denmark was the only European country 
except Spain which had a large favorable balance in its oil trade, 
the Danish exports being 2.7 times the imports. While the oil 
exports of Denmark were twice as large in 1920 as in 1913, when its 
increased imports of raw materials are considered, it is evident that 
Danish home consumption likewise increased by some 10,000,000 or 
12,000,000 pounds of oil. It is also evident that Denmark has 
greatly increased its oil-crushing business. 

Japan .—While Japan exports more oil than it imports, Japanese 
oil exports are obtained largely from imported oil seeds and materials, 
and Japan is in reality an importing rather than a producing country. 
Its exports of oil have kept pace with its greatly increased importa¬ 
tion of oil stuffs, which were considerably larger in 1920 than in 1913. 

LEADING VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS. 

Table III indicates the general current of trade in the chief vege¬ 
table oils and oil materials. Export and import classifications diner 
widely among the official reports of the various countries, and in some 
cases important commodities are not separately enumerated. For 
instance, the French reports include palm-kernel oil, tangkawang 
tallow, and touloucouna (Caropa) butter under one set of figures, and 
the reports of the United Kingdom do not separate palm oil (tallow) 
from palm-kernel oil. There is further difficulty in tracing many of 
the major commodities from the country of origin through the country 
of manufacture to the country of consumption. For instance, 
sesame seed exported from British India to the United Kingdom may 
appear in part as sesame oil in the domestic exports of the latter 
country. Some of this may reappear as an import of ‘'salad oil,” or 
“all other” oil, into some country such as the Union of South Africa; 
or it may disappear entirely as an export oil from the country im¬ 
porting the raw material because of local consumption or as an in¬ 
gredient in exported margarine. 

89507°—22-2 


6 


VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS. 


PALM OIL AND PALM KERNELS. 

Changes in the movement of certain commodities, due probably to 
the effects of the war, should be noted. For example, in 1913 
330,000 tons of palm kernels left West Africa for Europe, and it is 
estimated that over 80 per cent of this amount went into the great 
Hamburg crushing plants. In 1920 only 30,000 tons went to Ger¬ 
many, while the United Kingdom took 320,000 out of the total of 
420,000 tons imported by European countries. Notwithstanding the 
importance of this commodity, the annual trade in which amounts to 
nearly 500,000 tons, there is to-day comparatively little interest in or 
knowledge of the plant species which produces not only this large 
amount of kernels but also 125,000 tons of palm oil. Both are prod¬ 
ucts of the same tree, yet differ from one another as much as cacao 
butter differs from coconut oil. A large part of the raw material 
produced by this palm is now wasted, but recently it has been recog¬ 
nized in the Malaya region as a great oil crop, and the Far East may 
more or less capture the palm-oil industry, as it did the rubber in¬ 
dustry. The new mills in West Africa are expected to deliver palm 
oil suitable for margarines at about three-fourths the price of coconut 
oil. It will be noted that the domestic production of palm oil is 
already nearly five-sevenths that of coconut oil, and the production of 

E aim-kernel oil from West African kernels exported is even greater, 
eing about five-sixths of the total reported amount of coconut oil 
produced in the coconut countries. 

In considering the important factors affecting the future status of 
palm and other cheap vegetable oils, it should be noted that these 
vegetable oils take little from the soil and can be produced in much 
larger quantities. Recent improvements in the methods of produc¬ 
tion and use increase their importance in the event of the long- 
threatened shortage in the petroleum supply. 

COCONUT OIL AND COPRA. 

As shown in the tables, 32 countries are concerned in the coconut 
trade. Some of them, although well adapted to coconut culture, 
import large quantities of coconut oil. Siam, for instance, imports 
yearly from 1,000 to 2,000 tons of coconut oil, and exports but little 
copra (58 tons in 1920). 

Of the 26 countries exporting copra, the Dutch East Indies led in 
1919, and the complete returns will probably show the same condi¬ 
tion in 1920. In copra production (including the copra from which 
coconut oil is pressed, at 55 per cent extraction) the positions of the 
various producing countries were approximately as follows: Dutch 
East Indies, 500,000 tons; Philippine Islands, 350,000 tons; Ceylon, 
170,000 tons; Straits Settlements and Malay States, 145,000 tons. 

According to the available data at hand, the copra-producing 
countries of the world exported only about 315,000 tons in 1920, while 
the consuming and manufacturing countries imported about twice 
that amount. This may be explained in part by stocks exported 
toward the end of 1919, which are recorded as exports of 1919 but 
imports of 1920, especially since the recorded exports of 1919 were 
about equal to the imports of 1920. However, the imports of 1919 
were 225,000 tons in excess of recorded exports. It seems probable, 
therefore, that much copra is shipped without being recorded in the 
export statistics of the producing countries. 


VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS. 


7 


The Netherlands, France, and Denmark consumed more copra in 
1920 than in 1919, while the reverse is true of the United Kingdom 
and the United States. Denmark’s imports in 1920 were nearly 
double those of 1913 —a remarkable gain under the circumstances, 
and an indication of the state of the Danish industries. 

The whole subject of coconut oil is fraught with many complexities. 
The production in the coconut-growing countries is reported to be 
about 390,000,000 pounds. Allowing for the few crushing plants in 
the Pacific Archipelagoes, we have a grand total of 200,000 tons of 
coconut oil expressed locally, as against some 50,000 tons in 1913. 
Since it required nearly 400,000 tons of copra to obtain this local 
oil production of 200,000 tons, the total copra handled in both ways 
in 1920 was well over 1,000,000 tons—perhaps 1,200,000 tons, in¬ 
cluding the 30,000 tons of dessicated coconut. This accounts for 
about 6,000,000,000 of the world’s estimated crop of 8,000,000,000 
coconuts, which is a more nearly complete utilization of the coconut 
crop than of the African oil palm. 

COTTON SEED AND COTTONSEED OIL. 

Cotton seed is perhaps better known and better handled than any 
other oil seed. Yet there is much to learn regarding the local con¬ 
sumption of the 11,000,000 or 12,000,000 tons, only about half of 
which is produced in this country. Of the 1913-14 crop, it is esti¬ 
mated that British India produced 2,120,000 tons, or 38 per cent as 
much as the United States, while China’s estimated production was 
1,600,000 tons, or 29 per cent of ours. The tremendous domestic 
consumption of over 1,750,000 tons of cotton seed in India in 1913 
was made possible by improvements in extraction and refining meth¬ 
ods, which have greatly extended local utilization. Cotton seed has 
been substituted for coconuts to some extent since the price of the 
latter has increased. It is estimated that India consumed 225,000 
tons of cottonseed cake in 1913-14 and still had 284,000 tons for 
export. 

During the war Brazil and China began exporting cottonseed oil. 
The presses in Peru and Brazil will naturally find a good market for 
their surplus oil in the neighboring countries. The cake, too, will 
help the live-stock industry, especially in Brazil. 

With Egypt’s export of approximately 250,000 tons of cotton 
seed, the oil export (1,500 tons) seems surprisingly low. The lack of 
local demand for the cake partly accounts for this. 

PEANUTS AND PEANUT OIL. 

Some 560,000 tons of peanuts were imported into the manufactur¬ 
ing countries in 1920, the greater portion of which was “shelled nuts.” 
France took 540,000 short tons in 1913 and 430,000 tons in 1920. 
The oil output is about 30 per cent of the weight of the nuts, but Hie 
surplus oil exported from France in 1920 was less than 15,000 tons, 
which indicates a monthly consumption of over 10,000 tons. 

The world’s normal full export crop of peanuts is apparently about 
800,000 tons. Of this, India supplies about three-eighths, China 
nearly one-eighth, and the West African colonies nearly one-half. 
Both China and India have a large domestic consumption. 

Peanut meal and cake always find a ready sale in Europe, while 
enormous quantities of the oil are absorbed by the margarine indus- 


8 


VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS. 


try. In 1916 the Netherlands produced 165,000 metric tons of 
margarine and in 1920 exported 93,000 tons, a large proportion of 
which probably was peanut oil. 

With the oil imports converted into nuts (about 150,000 tons), the 
visible supply of peanuts in the commercial currents of the world 
seems to be over 700,000 tons, or about 60 per cent more than the 
exported cotton seed of the world. The peanut crop may be greatly 
increased within a few years. 

LINSEED OIL. 

In 1913 the manufacturing countries imported about 2,500,000 
tons of flaxseed, nearly all of which was exported from Argentina, 
Canada, and India. In the first half of 1920 Argentina exported 
650,000 tons of this raw material and in the first 10 months of 1921 
the figure is reported to be 1,100,000 tons, which, however, is only 
about the same as the 1913 output. 

With Russia practically out of the trade, the export production of 
flaxseed is practically limited to three countries, and likewise the net 
export of the oil is confined to the United Kingdom (over 50,000 tons 
in 1920), the Netherlands (some 28,000 tons), and Belgium (6,000 
tons). Even British India, with a 1920 net export of 210,000 tons 
of flaxseed (or more than double that in 1913), sends out practically 
the same small amount of the oil which is brought in. 

The pronounced discrepancy between the seed import figures and 
the oil export figures evidences the large domestic consumption in 
the countries of manufacture. Of the total flaxseed imports into the 
United States (some 680,000 tons in 1920), about 90 per cent came 
from Argentina. Of the total import value of $74,622,584 that coun¬ 
try’s share was $68,954,596. 

RUBBER-SEED OIL. 

For the past eight years the world has expected that at any moment, 
so to speak, the rubber-producing countries might release a flood of 
rubber-seed oil. However, aside from small lots of seed exported 
from Ceylon (28 tons in 1913 and 10 tons in 1920) and a moderate 
amount of interest in Sumatra and the Federated Malay States, the 
large exports of rubber seed have not materialized. 

Calculating the yield of rubber seed at 350 pounds per acre, the 
3,000,000 acres at Hevea would yield 1,000,000,000 pounds of seed, 
or about 150,000 tons of oil crushed in the rubber factories on the 
plantations. The seed stores well and tests indicate that the seed 
cake may become valuable as a cattle feed. 

RAPESEED OIL. 

The normal production of rapeseed in India is estimated at 
1,200,000 tons, but about 80 per cent of this amount is used in the 
local industries. Accurate statistics regarding the heavy local con¬ 
sumption in European countries would be of much interest. 

Quite naturally some confusion exists in the commercial world as 
to the difference between the rapes and colzas, and the colzas and 
mustards. Even the botanical nomenclature is somewhat too 
elastic for the 20 or more closely related plants which bear oil- 
yielding seeds. These plants, being short-season crops, can be grown 
in practically every country in the world, and in the warmer climates 


VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS. 


9 


two or three crops may be raised annually. With the recent im¬ 
provements in 11 clarification/* it may well be that much greater 
quantities of these oils will come into the trade. 

SESAME. 

Except for certain difficulties in culture and harvesting, the teel, 
or gingelly, is an ideal oil seed. Fully one-half the weight of the 
dry seed is oil, and this oil is so pure and clear that it needs Tittle or no 
refining. In fact, a very large amount of the seed itself is used for 
food in Asia, Africa, and tropical America. 

The table shows that China and India together exported over 
250,000 tons of seed in 1913, about one-half of which went to Ger¬ 
many for the margarine and food-oil trade. 

OLIVE OIL. 

Spain leads the world in the production of olive oil. In 1919 the 
Spanish exports totaled approximately 250,000 pounds. Although 
the oil is produced very cheaply and very extensively in Italy, the 
Italian export embargo, together with the strong competition of the 
French and Spanish oils and the heavy influx of cottonseed oil into 
the European trade, has decreased Italy’s exports of edible olive oil 
from nearly 25,000 tons in 1913 to 1,300 tons in 1920. As a high- 
grade salad oil, the Italian product can, of course, hold a certain 
place, but cottonseed and peanut oil have driven it out of the cheap 
cooking-oil market. 

CORN OIL. 

The trend of this excellent food oil is problematical. The table 
shows practically nothing as to the destination of the 6,000 or 8,000 
tons exported from the United States. One striking fact, however, 
is that Argentina has begun to export this commodity. If Argen¬ 
tina can export corn oil, the Union of South Africa and Brazil may 
possibly develop the industry in competition with the United States. 

CASTOR OIL. 

Before the war British India produced practically all the exported 
castor beans, its output being 150,000 tons m 1913. The war brought, 
in 1918, a sudden strong demand for the oil, and Brazil, Central 
America, and even the southern part of the United States took up 
its culture on a large scale. The main feature of interest in the 1920 
trade was the position of Brazil—nearly 7,000 tons ahead of India. 
In spite of the great impetus given by the war to castor-bean culture 
in India the 1919 export figure was only one-sixteenth as great as in 
1913. 

SOYA-BEAN OIL. 

Unfortunately, accurate export figures for China’s soya-bean crop 
are not available. It is estimated at between 8,000,000 and 9,000,000 
piculs (or at least 1,000,000,000 pounds), of which Japan took one- 
half in 1920. 

In 1920 the oil mills in North China turned out, with some assist¬ 
ance (10,000 tons) on the part of Japan, about 125,000 tons of oil. 
Yet at the same time the United States and Europe are shown to 
have several thousand tons more than this amount—a fact which 
may be explained by European reshipments. 

89507°—22-3 


10 


VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATEBIALS. 


This triple-purpose oil, though a comparatively new commodity, 
has acquired a very firm place in international commerce. Not only 
the soap industry but, to a very large extent, the food-oil and paint 
industries are concerned in all matters affecting the yield of this 
oriental oilseed. It appe'ars that recent improvements in culture 
methods, and especially in the use of varieties which yield nearly 
double the amount of oil contained in the common varieties grown 
by the Manchurian peasants, may greatly expand this industry and 
possibly reduce the cost of the raw material. In fact, it is possible 
that within the coming decade the soya-bean culture may be ex¬ 
tended into South Africa, Australia, Argentina, and Brazil. In the 
United States, in 1920, 190,000 acres were planted with this crop. 
The 200 or more distinct varieties afford a considerable range in 
adaptability to various soils and climates, and the variation in gross 
yield, oil content, etc., afford an excellent field for the hybridizer, as 
well as the agronomist. 

MISCELLANEOUS OILSEEDS. 

There are probably more kinds of potentially important oilseeds 
outside of those included in these tables. For instance, no accurate 
recent data are available concerning one of the world’s best oilseeds— 
the mafurra of East Africa. This almost ideal oilseed is obtainable 
to the extent of thousands of tons, while both the high melting-point 
fat and the oils, which are readily obtained (even by crude methods 
of extraction), have a wide range of utility from edible tallows to 
soap materials. Several vegetable fats, having a melting point from 
90° F. to 98° F., are already beginning to move from the tropical 
Orient to Europe. The principal kinds are Illipe, Mowra (or Mahrah), 
and Stillingia. A study of the individual characteristics of many of 
the food and industrial oils which have been in common usage among 
the native peoples of the Tropics would make for improvement in 
various branches of the oil industry in the United States and Europe; 
for, notwithstanding the obvious importance of new processes of 
hardening, refining, and even fractioning the common commercial 
vegetable oils, there must always be more or less pronounced differ¬ 
ences among the economic oils, depending largely upon their sources 
and the methods of handling the raw materials. 

FACTORS MAKING FOR PERMANENCY OF TRADE. 

Although the trade in vegetable oils and materials has decreased 
since 1913, the decrease does not appear unduly large in the light of 
general conditions. The uses and advantages of these commodities 
indicate that they are on a permanent footing and will probably 
play a larger r6le in the world commerce of the future. 

USES AND ADVANTAGES. 

The industrial utilization of vegetable oils rests upon four basic 
functions: As foods, in soaps, in paints, and as lubricants. In the 
first two uses they compete with animal oils and in the latter with 
mineral oils. The edible vegetable oils appear to be gaining over 
the animal products, due to their natural advantages, especially 
that of cheaper production. Plants are more efficient sources of 
oil than animals, which must directly or indirectly consume vegetable 


VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS. 


11 


substances. As population increases, therefore, it becomes less 
profitable to feed primary plant substances to food animals, and 
vegetable oils replace animal oils and fats in the diet. The vegetable 
oils are considerably more flexible in their uses than animal oils. 
The many improvements in the extraction and purification of the 
vegetable oils, in deodorizing, bleaching, hardening, and blending, 
has given a great impetus to the whole industry during the last few 
years. 

Vegetable oils are high in caloric content, containing on the average 
more than twice as many calories per pound as sugar, wheat flour, 
or cheese. This advantage is shared by animal fats and it is an 
important item from the standpoint of transportation. Although 
many organic compounds can now be synthetized in the laboratory, 
the “ fixed ” vegetable oils appear to be among the most difficult to 
produce artificially. It seems probable, therefore, that the world 
must depend almost entirely upon the oleiferous plant species for 
its supply of u fixed” oils for many years to come. 

Moreover, the supply and range of vegetable oils and materials is 
more extensive than of the animal oils. There are a great number 
of oil-producing plant species, and they grow wherever plant life 
exists—in the valleys and highlands of the Temperate Zones, the 
well-watered Tropics, and the semidesert areas. There are to-day 
some 15 major vegetable oils and oil materials, from four continents, 
in our own import trade. The tropical countries of Asia, Africa, 
and the Western Hemisphere have increased production greatly in 
the last two decades. The presence of a great variety of oil-producing 
plants, a climate and soil suitable for their growth, and much vacant 
land, makes possible a much larger production in the future. There 
are many oil crops in these countries which may soon be utilized; 
some to increase and improve the food supply; others as soap, paint, 
and technical-trade oils. While a few important oil crops are grown in 
the south Temperate Zone, the north Temperate Zone, due principally 
to its large cottonseed crop, leads even the Tropics in production of 
vegetable oils. The great variety of oil-producing plants and their 
widespread distribution tend to stabilize the supply of vegetable 
oils, since unfavorable crop conditions are not likely to affect all 
of the producing countries at one time. Moreover, the supply is 
flexible and capable of rapid extension, especially in response to 
the stimulus of higher prices. The supply supplements and dovetails 
that of animal ous, each tending to compensate a shortage in the 
other. A drought in central Europe, for instance, would increase 
the demand for oil cake for cattle feed, while the attendant butter 
shortage would stimulate the copra and cottonseed trade, as well 
as the whole margarine industry. 

The tables do not show the permanent status of vegetable oils 
and commodities in the world’s commerce, but they show the volume 
of the materials in pre-war and post-war periods, the trend of the oil 
materials Europeward and the heavy trade in the oils, not only in 
manufacturing countries but also in several of the countries producing 
the raw materials. Although there was a considerable falling off in 
exports of raw material in the principal producing countries, this is 
probably a temporary setback, and it is expected that this trade will 
regain its prewar volume with the recovery of general commercial 
conditions. 


TRADE STATISTICS.® 

Table I.—Trade in Vegetable Oils and Oil Materials by Principal Countries. 


Countries. 


United Kingdom: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

United States: 

Vegetable oils<. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Netherlands: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Germany: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

France: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Belgium: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Italy: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Denmark: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Sweden: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Norway: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Switzerland: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Spain: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Finland: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Greece: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Argentina: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Canada:/ 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Brazil: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Chile: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Peru: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials.... 
Venezuela: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

British India: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Ceylon: 

Vegetable oils. 

Vegetable oil materials. 

For footnotes to this table see 

12 


Imports. 

Exports. 

1913 

1919 

1920 

1913 

1919 

1920 

1,000 
pounds. 
466,993 
63, 560, 461 

1,000 
pounds. 
573, 801 
63, 825, 292 

1,000 
pounds. 
510,391 
63,126, 778 

1,000 
pounds. 
327, 296 
6102, 808 

1,000 
pounds. 
324, 421 
630, 338 

1,000 
pounds. 
354, 787 
687, 609 

293,028 
464, 997 

850,649 
1,155,039 

623,994 
1,793, 963 

294,498 
48,171 

368, 803 
22,627 

278,188 
15, 519 

182, 971 

1, 520,092 

320,275 

633,538 

265,695 
611, 865 

128,685 
715,014 

164,854 

3,631 

' 268,850 
62,071 

148,022 
3, 852, 293 

(<*) 

(d) 

338, 438 
727,258 

172,466 
29,926 

(d) 

(<*) 

2,325 

892 

100,305 
2, 257, 920 

274,659 
1,202,349 

210, 558 
1, 455,616 

127, 426 

51, 934 

16,726 

7,073 

69,746 

23,329 

96,087 

837,736 

108,683 
87,672 

59,035 
60,176 

92, 890 
483, 689 

38,586 

8,949 

59,967 
12,147 

94, 860 
205, 553 

71,059 
102, 556 

171,900 
218,235 

70, 413 
8,852 

26, 452 
12,956 

24,902 

7,419 

34, 394 
249, 430 

24,201 
346,185 

15, 715 
402,280 

24,172 

40 

16,081 

42,400 

61,848 

67,066 

90,245 

76,054 

38,497 
90,867 

610 

1,206 

10,551 

84 

18, 557 
868 

33,350 
44,298 

60, 894 
25,331 

58,830 
31,616 

37,366 

43,756 

79 

30 

49 

50,419 
10, 301 

50, 592 
33,131 

183 

200 

3,160 
1,262 

7,139 

5,105 

3,348 
1.56,192 

4,571 

54,474 

9,553 

47,990 

66,632 

11, 827 

252,057 
9,314 

120,612 
5,058 

9,381 

11,350 

4,943 




6,043 

4,782 

i;072 

i 

10,342 



235 

2,847 

1,938 

883 

7,211 

2,773 

<17,266 
<157 

11,409 

291 

4,484 

67 

<2, 418 
<1,318, 384 

70,615 

33,080 


4,987 

1, 396, 454 

7,987 

'285 

2,255, 867 

38,351 
69,007 

85,912 
21,018 

69,359 
45,619 

5,550 

1,192,672 

8,784 
63,135 

2, 480 
77,611 

24,933 

9,166 

18,818 

28 

110 060 

8,796 

i^n Aftn 

9,435 
117,485 

10,665 

7,764 

8,749 

37 


16,863 

40,708 

23,183 

591 

5,308 

664 

2,274 

2 

021,236 

(d) 

(d) 

1,158 

253 

58,251 

3,761 

71,052 

267 


1, 518 

723 

\ a ) 

58 

2,033 

1 

1 

5 

h2 ,641 

689 

4,761 
12,442 

1,718 

64,598 

5,079 
23,820 

29,189 

3,513,854 

62,607 
1,944,448 

27,915 
1,383,157 

1,351 

9,037 

459 

4,559 

647 

3,520 

61,263 

125,216 

75,712 
198,418 

56,843 

152,398 


page 13. 

































































VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS. 13 

Table 1. Trade in \ egetable Oils and Oil Materials by Principal Coun¬ 
tries— Continued. 


Countries. 


Imports. 



Exports. 

■ 

1913 

1919 

1920 

1913 

1919 

1920 

Philippine Islands: 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

pounds. 

pounds. 

pounds. 

pounds. 

pounds. 

pounds. 

Y egetable oils. 

2,824 

2, 567 

3,227 

11,046 

308,823 

171,370 

Vegetable oil materials.. 
Dutch East Indies:» 

2,533 

60,647 

4, 428 

184,141 

55; 630 

57; 919 

Vegetable oils. 

26,681 

9,117 

3 5, 551 

3,3.86 

177, 780 

3 128,487 

Vegetable oil materials. 

China: 

121,164 

27,755 

;70,829 

603, 870 

819,568 

3 183; 783 

Vegetable oils. 

14,322 

8,410 

7,462 

175,554 

610,365 

432,241 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Japan: 

51,507 

30,939 

38,293 

638,415 

839,890 

649; 321 

Vegetable oils. 

9,084 

6,528 

3,951 

13,544 

56,481 

57,770 

Y egetable oil materials. 

Australia: * 

326,270 

683,016 

756,305 

13,068 

43,166 

25,471 

Vegetable oils. 

19, 875 

3,816 

6,348 

4,675 

5,705 

6,904 

Vegetable oil materials. 

New Zealand: 

Vegetable oils. 

21,156 

7,217 

115,519 

3,481 

88,588 

7,637 
, 25 

1,251 

2,393* 

44, 702 

h 

3,450 

30; 179 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Straits Settlements and Malay 

488 

352 

2,484 

States: i 







Vegetable oils. 

24,163 

12,070 

15,144 

26,291 

21,892 

18,253 

Vegetable oil materials. 

Egypt and Sudan: 

245,120 

184,575 

128,246 

220,985 

303,065 

296,212 

Vegetable oils. 

18,552 

13,884 

12,911 

4,920 

878 

3,761 

Vegetable oil materials. 

22,240 

21,743 

27, 872 

994,220 

631,439 

549,139 

Union of South Africa: 




Vegetable oils. 

20,313 
2,608 

6,603 

9,049 
16,217 


53 

4 

Vegetable oil materilas. 

9, 732 

15 

1,693 

1,784 

Algeria: 





Vegetable oils. 

31,202 

11,364 

13, 475 

4,860 

1,228 

1,720 

Vegetable oil materials. 

7,620 

2,425 

3,003 

5,084 

1/558 

2,77S 

Aden: 




Vegetable oils. 

538 

87 

340 

698 

314 

390 

Vegetable oil materials. 

6,046 

4,218 

5,605 

1,866 

2,244 

787 


« Values have been omitted for obvious reasons. The conversions from volume units, such as gallons, 
liters, etc., to pounds are approximate. 

f> Includes domestic as well as foreign and colonial exports. Domestic oil exports amounted to 206,001,076 
pounds in 1913, 253,309,653 pounds in 1919, and 264,228,160 pounds in 1920. The domestic oil materials 
exported amounted to 377,888 pounds in 1913, and 198,128 pounds in 1919. There were no exports of domestic 
oil materials in 1920. 

c Does not include “all other expressed oils,” which are shown in official statistics by value only. The 
value of these oils imported amounted to $411,922 in 1913, $2,558,259 in 1919, and $1,865,300 in 1920. 'During 
these three years the exports were valued at $417,834, $18,507,128, and $1,885,929, respectively. 

d Statistics not available. 

e Figures for first half year only. 

/Figures are for fiscal years ended Mar. 31, 1914,1920, and 1921. 

Q Value in Peruvian pounds. The Peruvian pound has the same value as the pound sterling. 

h Includes whole coconuts. 

i Does not include importations by the Government. 

j Figures for Java and Madura only. 

k Figures for fiscal years ended June 30,1914,1920, and 1921. 

I Figures for 1913 are for the Straits Settlements only. 


Table II.—Gross Exports of Vegetable Oil Materials from the Chief Pro¬ 
ducing Countries. 


Countries. 

1913 

1919 

1920 

British India. 

Pounds. 

3,513,854,000 

2,255,867,000 
994, 220,000 
638,414,000 
603,870, 000 
184,141,000 
125, 216,000 
110,960,000 
220,985,000 

Pounds. 
1,944,447,000 
1,896, 454,000 
631,439,000 
839,890,000 
819,568,000 
55,630,000 
198,418,000 
130,680,000 
303,065,000 

Pounds. 

1,383,157,000 
1,318,384,000 
549,139,000 
649,320,000 
183,7S3,000 
57,919,000 
152,398,000 
117, 485,000 
296, 212,000 

Argentina. . . . 

Egypt and British Sudan. 

China . 

Dut f, h Fast Todies -- . 

Philippine Islands. ... 

Oeyl op . 

Brazil . 

Straits Settlements and Malay States. 

Total . . 

8,647,527,000 

6,819,591,000 

4,707,797,000 








































































14 


VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS 


Table III.—Trade in Vegetable Oils and Oil Materials by Articles and 

Principal Countries. 

COTTONSEED OIL. 


Countries. 

Imports. 

• 

Exports. 

1913 

1919 

1920 

1913 

1919 1920 

United States. 

United Kingdom... 

Italy. 

France. 

Netherlands. 

Norway.. 

Pounds. 
11,406,831 
39,949,440 
29,680,309 
19,534,299 
58,238,453 
11,563,700 
5,267,964 
15,036,415 
8,911,875 
971,009 

Pounds. 

27.805, 784 

65.806, 720 
8,211,033 

10,381,241 
43, 778,166 
11,877,715 
9,653,461 
3,346, 722 
9,595,301 
138,438 

Pounds. 

9,457,924 
22,323,840 
30,215,586 
20,075,529 
19,514,295 
21,159,592 
2,080.210 
3,108,517 
6,598,368 
348,649 

Pounds. 
264, 778, 781 
59,319,680 
3,306 
2,035,728 
229,426 

Pounds. 
193,133,2t)l 
25,753,280 
319,667 
89,286 
12,815,981 

Pounds. 
184, 753,824 
38,976,000 
3, 748 
630,957 
5,482,895 

Sweden.. 

Belgium. 

Denmark.... 

21, 385 
7,605,341 

313,053 
2,369,667 

973,033 
1,192,525 

Egypt and Sudan.. 
Japan. 

4,642,087 

443,603 
3,056,548 
4,918,313 
25,724,667 

3,138,103 
3,804,814 
7,594,862 
12,046,267 

Brazil. 

China. 

3,300,873 

81, 301 

158,191 


Canada. 

27,293,099 
1,308,709 
13,041,058 

54,087,104 
894,713 

1,504,856 

40,267,927 
215,157 
a 1,236,525 


Australia. 

Argentina.... 

19,958 

49,279 
16,601 
3,761,101 

56,877 

Peru. 

253,328 

(*>) 

Union of South 
Africa. 

2,495,312 
1,499,789 
22,610 

32,778 
1,002,652 
3,477 

140,158 

Algeria. 

57,761 
(*0 


C) 

8,382 

Venezuela. 

(*>) 

96,293 


COTTON SEED. 


United States. 




24,606,185 
286,720 
21,385 
638,891,696 
964,188,647 

10,550,241 

1,918, 848 

5,270,382 

United Kingdom... 

France. 

British India. 

1,378,343,680 
38,954,400 

1,033,979,520 
13,318,430 

992,190,080 
2,630,970 

116,182 
557,198,544 
570,820,338 

9,504,320 

1,614,649 
223,776,000 
499,132,168 

16,759,680 

Egvpt. 




Sudan, Anglo- 
Egyptian. 

706,347 
26,538,917 



Japan. 

77,452,153 

69,134,354 

Brazil. 

109,743,654 
25,332,533 

49,931,549 
84,436,000 
2,654, 718 
71,051,778 
829 

51,948,573 
67,172,667 
3,285,293 

China. 




Argentina. 




Peru. 




58,250, 940 
524, 759 
1,768,531 
(*) 

98,546 
48,244 

Chile. 

Dutch East Indies. 

15,054,332 

39,025,157 

20,603, 764 

101,191 

Germany. 

Algeria. 

484,564, 246 
4,409 
999,824 

(») 

1,149, 919 

C) 

167,329 
3,696 

11,200 

200 

<*) 

Aden. 

Union of South 
Africa. 

743,792 

892,864 

9,072 

555,999 

30,900 

Australia. 

Ceylon. 

1,100 
3,727,024 

1,575,000 

2,299,584 

900 
2,182,432 

5,300 

Venezuela. 

912,482 
c 312,414 

294,083 
d 1,360,040 

1,680,020 

Colombia. 









COCONUT OIL. 

United States. 

72,195,622 

281,063, 213 

216,327,103 


118,611,743 

25 694 794 

United Kingdom... 

130,988,816 

170,849; 280 

148; 124; 480 

21,668,864 

23,310,896 

12; 875; 520 

Netherlands. 

36,784, 856 

139,315, 784 

114,170,002 

11,851,374 

59,954, 214 

128,555,912 

France «. 

7,821,039 

21,483, 827 

20,088,977 

21,643, 220 

' 925; 491 

8,011,075 

Italy. 

8,803, 629 

10, 721, 852 

6,259,300 

2,425 

2,394, 637 

C543 

Belgium. 

8,452,207 

38,533, 923 

22,527, 467 

2,413,133 

6,648, 714 

14,270,449 

Denmark. 

14,647, 803 

13,408,377 

7,733, 957 

14,083, 205 

8,466, 325 

19,572,439 

Sweden «. 

27,797, 711 

35,846,336 

11,804, 564 

373,551 

4,711,078 

11,089, 402 

Norway. 

8,016, 785 

25,190,128 

26,273, 581 




Canada /. 

3,811,634 

8' 852; 790 

11,074; 735 




J apan. 

1,085,636 

476,773 

' 93f/, 018 


23 395 329 

1 639 091 

Philippine Islands. 



11,045,992 

308,517; 482 

171 013 919 

Straits Settlements 





and Federated 







and Nonfeder- 







ated Malay States 

2,267,733 

25,867 

254,000 

15,229,333 

20,385,200 

15,228,400 

British India. 

273,250 

254,190 

2,160,918 

9,825,913 

42,493, 245 

16; 618; 836 

Dutch East Indies. 

11,637, 207 

6,127,328 

CO 

3,331,811 

163,957,259 

g 126,606,284 


For footnotes to this table see page 24. 












































































































VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS. 15 


Table III. —Trade in Vegetable Oils and Oil Materials by Articles and 

Principal Countries— Continued. 

COCONUT OIL—Continued. 


Countries. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1913 

1919 

1920 

1913 

1919 

1920 

Ceylon. 

Pounds. 
1,792 
16,060 
2,056,962 

Pounds. 
1,232 
481,600 
6,169,280 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

61,262,208 
4,427,920 

Pounds. 

75,711,888 
5,156,480 

Pounds. 

56,843,024 
5,577,600 

Australia. 

1,776,320 
• 6,328,311 

Egypt. 

Brazil. 


334,105 

196,082 

Argentina. 

471,238 

301,084 
h 26,583 



Colombia. 



d 36,477 
337,372 
168,681 


Nicaragua. 



787,521 

(&) 

7,167 
49,238 

Venezuela. 

( & ) 

1,682,684 
2,299,612 
528,002 
65,609 
4,283,191 

6,129 

1,129,468 
1,476,059 
93,255 
47,533 
2,865,081 
136, 433 
6,515,916 
4,068,477 

11,400 

871,801 
4, 234,739 

(ft) 

203, 728 
3, 210, 714 
475,012 
4,025,379 
4,636,684 

Union of South 
Africa. 

Spain.... 




Algeria.. 

41,887 
13,846 



Aden. 

10,173 

14, 784 

Siam. 

New Zealand 

225 

5,732 



Switzerland. 

4,829,179 
1,366,215 

1,821,220 

4,913,172 

Finland 






COPRA. 


United States. 

United Kingdom... 

Netherlands. 

France. 

Italy i . 

Belgium. 

Denmark. 

Sweden. 

Norway. 

Japan. 

Philippine Islands. 
Straits Settlements 
and Federated 
and Nonfeder- 
ated Malay 

States. 

Dutch East Indies. 

Ceylon. 

British India. 

Australia. 

Germany. 

Brazil. 

Chile. 

Venezuela. 

Union of South 

Africa. 

Aden. 

Siam. 

New Zealand. 

Canada. 


30,351,463 

69,144,320 
221,859,650 
248,325,703 
198,414 
43,104,392 
68,661,165 
220 
9,711,616 
5,639,486 


214,462,399 
1,425,505 
832,496 
36,624 
13,128,640 
433,419,510 


744,053 


2,576 


488,320 

324 


258,915,789 
160,229,440 
166,636,344 
113,457,755 
29,494,462 
5,081,162 
113,499,201 
15,428,686 
8,155,949 
37,604,758 
58,362,330 


134,788,000 
2,153,660 
879,200 
58,053,072 
68,985,280 

(ft) 


481,527 


3,746,972 
823,424 


342,720 


215,188,461 
128,497,600 
195,467,076 
168,236,553 
23,167,700 
5,833,998 
125,424,324 
6,505,918 
12,564,342 
10,547,474 
1,186,939 


98,537,733 

(P) o 

2,688 

18,502,400 
67,663,680 
213,611,190 


1,321,678 


5,751, 501 
69,888 

24,640 





37,327,360 
181,561,548 
688,276 
882 

15,338,202 

7,940,800 
63,065 
247,136 

36,370,880 
21,865,320 
208,114 

862,682 

1,649,389 



834.375 



( 6 ) 

181,260,808 

206,132,533 
.505,601,189 
125,136,704 
85,5*9.184 
1,159,200 
1, *50,186 

(ft) 

55,322,292 

259,008,799 
728,360,023 
197,066,800 
23,836,288 
44,696,960 

(ft) 

56,885,391 

273,854,400 
0109,641,000 
152,081,440 
6,128,640 
30,098,880 

44,577 





126,579 

166,216 


2,352 

68,000 

1,335,040 

817,264 

1,036,713 

46,816 
116,133 
159,040 






LINSEED OIL. 


United States. 

United Kingdom... 
Netherlands. 

1,213,200 

26,629,120 

1,214,975 

France. 

4,671,768 

Italy. 

985,236 

Belgium. 

18,105, 419 
792,6S8 

Sweden. 

Norway J. 

3,327,623 
10,293,498 
4,722,361 
293,512 

Switzerland_... 

Finland _..... 

Gan ad a. _..... 

New Zealand. 

4,963;491 
13,328,080 

3,680,397 

Australia. 

Union of South 
Africa. 


16,142,835 
2,186,240 
2,631,990 
45,096,636 
8,337,136 
20,271,248 
6,948,070 
8,828,750 
5,381,208 
139,079 
4,836,108 
1,629,795 
1,580,101 

1,971,021 


35,200,200 
3,669,120 

2,137,320 
24,710,920 
9,219,637 
4,131,826 
1,147,549 
2,303,419 
4,606,953 
306,614 
5,955,926 
4,605,043 
1,635,088 

3,198,364 


11,930,783 
68,974,080 
56,102,357 
5,783,327 
22,707 
15,847,659 
3,554 
25,412 
13,889 


11,266,335 

167,816,320 
38,170, 215 
2,321,223 
3,039,262 
10,667,131 
325,591 
29,767 
703,929 


5,365,875 
108,928,960 
59,238,673 
3,813,076 
24,912 
16,117,085 
74,504 
48,947 
1,842,384 






368 


163,169 

349,257 

1,059,745 


For footnotes to this table see page 24. 














































































































16 


VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS 


Table III.—Trade in Vegetable Oils and Oil Materials by Articles and 

Principal Countries— Continued. 

LINSEED OIL—Continued. 


Countries. 

Imports. 

1913 

1919 

1920 


Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Japan. 

582,225 

372,466 

148,637 

Philippine Islands. 

1,019,611 

676,520 

1,485,184 

Straits Settlements 




and Federated 




and Nonfeder- 




ated Malay 




States. 

649,640 

603,161 

1,546,225 

Dutch East Indies. 

3,104,586 

2,667,206 

5,5.50,600 

British India. 

3,956,393 

1,155,548 

2,476,281 

Ceylon. 

359,052 

249,930 

401,057 

Egypt. 

3,540,224 

1,282,641 

2,034,103 

Argentina. 

1,139,180 

256,066 

275,549 

Brazil... 

10,687,982 

5,732,703 

8,768,924 

Peru. 

1,003,369 

G) 

G) 

Chile. 

4,034,980 

1,268, 864 

3,112,278 

Venezuela. 

313,073 

256,144 

451,648 

Ugeria. 

1.517,647 

766,319 


Greece. 

102,990 

1,070,774 

1,005,721 

Aden. 

43,968 

24,532 

92,176 


1913 


Pounds. 


156,642 

67 

921,486 


(0 


102,955 


5,518 


Exports. 


1919 


Pounds. 
6,209,258 


122,451 

311 

3,950,648 


4,512,851 


(0 


36,596 


1,305 


1920 


Pounds. 

2,222,174 


52,763 

(0 

2,393,270 


2,231,071 


(0 


772 

(0 


9,072 


LINSEED OR FLAXSEED. 


United States. 

United Kingdom... 

Germany. 

Netherlands. 

France. 

Italy. 

Belgium.. 

Denmark. 

Sweden. 

Norway. 

Finland £. 

Canada. 

New Zealand. 

Australia. 


368,488,624 
1,512,983,389 
1,235,519,348 
630,592,404 
523,386,149 
100,152,112 
571,221,906 
43,594,642 
63,660,208 
32,419,856 
6,010,057 
69,006,665 


7,778,100 


Japan 


783,026,304 

1,277,554,488 


212,510,748 
224,083,260 
29,065,005 
56,478,609 
39,694,705 
38,901,003 
17,158,206 
4,777,549 
6,210,901 
9,100 
44,942,600 
19,253,750 


1,379,906,640 
872,204,480 
116,973,871 
210,480,913 
71.928,602 
48,776,775 
46,311,909 
59,023,976 
60,746,911 
18,609,902 
1,071,843 
31,000,726 


20,676,400 
6,331,897 


15,855,448 
13,356,885 
9,329,206 
190,386,652 
2,284,407 
100,971 
334,875,519 
1,102 
1,205,830 


34,P 

1,192,672,197 
1,057,500 
7,600 



China 


British India 


Egypt... 
Argentina 

Chile. 

Algeria... 
Aden- 


451,149 
78,263 
1,428 


430,483 


868,683 
73,413 
446,208 


522,746 
a 156,904 
906,756 


4,368 


927,076,304 


2,241,487.367 
6,217 
1,313,501 
51,072 


1, 


929,320 

882,168 

8,055,208 

3,068,800 


735,234 

6,235 

2,6*8,933 

1,259,929 

3,778, 023 

4,409 

6,834 

2,114,368 

6,189,478 

300 

35 



63,134,723 

77,611,191 

3,450,400 

2,325,300 

1,700 

49, 500 

19,126,759 

4,132,990 

31,092,667 

13,537,333 

565,409,376 

422,105, (00 

239,580 

35,119 

885,936,093 

<*1,307,263,867 

4,720 

324 

1,284,841 

676,812 

735,616 

'896 


PEANUT OIL. 


United States. 

Netherlands. 

France... 

Italy. 

Belgium. 

Denmark. 

Sweden. 

11,271,098 
6,534,915 
67,681 
7,631,003 
3,332,595 
4,471,811 
3,123,601 
7,314,620 

1.54,052,377 
5,422,928 
7,629,460 
789,026 
2, .506,727 
1,0S9,293 
2,243,529 
11,780,666 

95,124,277 
2,269,768 
18,277,457 
12,253,387 
2,539,106 
998,684 
1,859,410 
6,672,674 

G) 

21,415,747 
53,427,379 
220 
1,939,043 
79,145 

Norway 1 . 


Japan. 


China. 




34,209,733 

Philippine Islands. 

1,381,169 

1,309,559 

1,537,512 

Straits Settlements 



and Federated 





and Non-Fedcr- 





ated Malay States 

20,169,600 

10,748,533 

12,806,533 

10,499,600 

Dutch East Indies. 

3,345,054 

5.54,134 

G) 

1,466 

Egypt. 


560,493 

16,878 


Argentina. 




Spain. 




18 435 

Algeria. 

18,511,806 

2,403,896 

G) 

436,290 


For footnotes to this table see page 24. 


4,341,803 

5,641,743 

4,399,720 


315,778 


661 


6,849, 450 
163,223,067 


1,189,067 

13,305,891 


. 82,712 
1,633,102 
24,912 


1,425,225 
8,702,083 
29,321,400 
53,351 
1. 703,164 
V) 

323,366 


14,335,685 
110,169,600 


2,850,800 
9 1,881,000 


46,206 
172,567 
GO 














































































































VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS. 17 

Table III.—Trade in Vegetable Oils and Oil Materials by Articles and 

Principal Countries— Continued. 

PEANUTS. 


Countries. 


United States: 

Shelled. 

Not shelled. 

Netherlands. 

France: 

Shelled. 

Not shelled. 

Italy. 

Denmark. 

Sweden. 

Canada: 

Shelled. 

Not shelled. 

Union of South 

Africa_;. 

Japan. 

Ctiina. 

Philippine Islands. 
Straits Settlements 
and Federated 
and N on-Feder- 
ated Malay States 
Dutch East Indies: 

Shelled. 

Not shelled. 

British India. 

Sudan, Anglo- 

Egyptian. 

Egypt. 

Germany. 

Argentina. 

Brazil. 

Peru. 

Chile. 

Venezuela. 

Spain. 

Algeria. 

Aden. 


1913 


Pounds. 
11,064,364 
12,884,035 
148,651,727 

524,152,468 
563,744,880 
m 54,616,099 
8,081,402 
20,602 


2,608,481 


44,568,267 
2,532,814 


25,286,400 

253,059 

77,639 


Imports. 


5,253,293 
216,238,852 
7,987,343 


1,907 
613,827 
981 


6,910,539 

183,904 


1919 


Pounds. 
24,179,687 
5,667,354 
48,914,644 

181,622,885 
318,444,329 
7,135,408 
14,530,519 
62,004 

9,219,053 
5,587,693 

750,617 

24,931,043 

23,969,867 

2,284,204 


21,763,200 

245,831 

104,480 


627,253 

285,059 


332,881 
992 


2,296,770 
399,168 


1920 


Pounds. 

110,810,316 

8,703,119 

52,945,797 

389,061,635 
478,506,225 
31,044,516 
7,647,757 
116,879 

7,889,860 
6,628,197 

1,896,304 
43,483,366 
26,159,467 
3,241,364 


17,573,067 

( 6 ) 

( 6 ) 


1,508,345 

21,939,297 

134 


349,945 

5,291 


235,088 


Exports. 


1913 

1919 

1920 

Pounds. 

7,709,639 

Pounds. 

19,778,490 

Pounds. 

9,366,434 

42,247,577 

4,833,585 
37,476,877 
m 34,833 

246,686 

670,639 
1,132,944 
m 106,703 

1,165,153 

1,110,237 
4,041,693 
m 597,447 










12,357 

13,068,465 

152,678,533 

323,810 
14,470,515 
173,635,686 

58,221 

11,832,436 

169,086,000 

11,811,733 

13,995,820 
30,407,452 
622,511,680 

1,586,141 
1,227,603 

3,528,000 

19,459,578 

18,597,666 

363,293,952 

24,377,920 

.5,708,748 

3,994,800 

9 19,127,000 
21,442,000 
232,993,600 

6,370,560 
3,445,155 

77,084 

2,519,913 

450,047 

3,285,293 
1,975,123 




11,827,260 
258,159 
78,932 

264,559 
9,314,316 
41,887 
249,760 

185,795 

5,057,743 

85,979 

65,856 


SOYA-BEAN OIL. 


United States. 

14,221,277 

195,808,421 

112,213,750 

(b) 

27,714,764 

43,511,862 

United Kingdom... 

(*>) 

66,489,920 

40,322,240 

21,033,600 

18,451,680 

30,128,000 

France. 

416,008 

8,474,042 

84,733,140 

17,999,898 

34,612 

1,110,457 

26,766,183 

Netherlands. 

6,335; 613 

80,093,629 

1,838,407 

14,813,415 

Denmark. 

441 

(*) 

( b ) 

8,553,407 

7,615,129 

22,827,531 

Sweden 

9,326,366 
6,249,177 

30,522,182 
3,692,646 

14,780,494 
1,557,418 

3,177,162 
3,862,297 
314,884,400 

4,704,641 
20,7M,359 
228,413,833 
(*) 

Japan. 

China . 

1,879,583 
65,575,600 

Egypt. 

(*) 

393,920 

176,156 

G) 

G) 


SOYA BEANS. 


£ - 

United Kingdom... 

Germany. 

France. 

Netherlands. 

171,252,480 
227,228,891 
98,766 
60,746,203 
105,972,476 
287 

235,508,851 
6,938,533 
117,814,911 

137,905,600 

(*) 

72,161,770 
126,463,352 
19,575,415 
377,639,051 
6,969,066 
20,644,179 

33,550,720 
45,130,587 
661 

8,279,285 
170,779,559 
21,708,491 
513,354,155 
12,133,333 
70,829,000 
51,175 

1,798,720 

(*) 

20,503 
31,794,719 

8 

27,778 

(b) 

(b) 

2,866 

257,976 





Japan. 

China. 

Dutch East Indies. 

(b) 

(b) 

10,212 

1,456,212 

(b) 

1,900,019 

5,762,427 

(b) 

lb) 

E'&y i Jt . 







For footnotes to this table see page 24. 




































































































18 


VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS 


Table III.—Trade in Vegetable Oils and Oil Materials by Articles and 

Principal Countries— Continued. 

palm oil. 


Countries. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1913 

1919 

1920 

1913 

1919 

1920 

TTnit.prl States_ 

Pounds. 

54,071,864 

6,521,760 
174,966,736 
34,789,470 
52,722,105 
16,643, 506 
28,880 
1,922,030 
174,340 
711,537 

8,372,079 
495,627 
1,698,644 
1,816,161 
2,970 
18,960 

Pounds. 

41,817,945 

9,565,472 
211,967,280 
52,272,609 
25,688,357 
7,731,422 

Pounds. 
41,948,224 

880,320 
235,621,120 
80,469,223 
41,499,163 
7,533,359 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

United Kingdom: 

Refined. 

Not refined. 

France. 

Netherlands. 

Belgium n . 

Denmark. 

1,785, 504 
105,937,440 
2,429,469 
14,632,265 
7,358, 838 
23,810 

1,511,216 
43,310,512 
223,326 
11,107,458 
2,617,524 

9,831,360 
118,316,800 
4,278,467 
9,061,433 
5,287,155 

Sweden. 

Norwav... 

1,599,598 

1,501,394 

220 

23, 865 

Canada o . 

60,886 

33,597 
(*) 

709,290 

209,697 

8,360 

57,099 

112,431 

639,089 

(*>) 

191,207 
130,609 
9,647 
(*>) 




Union of South 
African. 




Dutch East Indies. 
Argentina. 

(*) 

(*) 

W 

Brazil.... 




Venezuela. 




Algeria. 

(*) 

( b ) 

(*) 


PALM-KERNEL OIL. 


United States. 

27,745,730 
11,913,217 
1,166,086 

1,929,493 

18,510,042 

291,649 

1,693,740 
35,401,467 

9 4,636,684 




Italy v . 

Finland. 

113,978 


441 

Colombia. 

h 441 

d 79,807 








PALM KERNELS. 


United States.... 
United Kingdom 

Germany. 

France r . 

Italy. 

Netherlands. 

Belgium. 

Denmark. 

Brazil r . 


(0 


520,111,657 

6,583,377 

242,286 

140,457,392 

9,401,903 

1,311,957 


s 5,610,056 
681,914,240 
(0 

117,943,454 
5,411,632 
53,075,070 
23,321,077 
20,485,805 


s8,329,034 
641,211,200 
60,038,313 
103,244,725 
642,420 
29,154,148 
2,887,100 
9,750,284 


27,558 


126,903,138 
1,741,380 


1,069,273 


G) 

2,508,394 


551 

5,844,090 


24,329,617 


11,243 


25,496,591 
3,757,608 


14,709,122 


OLIVE OIL. 


United States: 




Edible. 

38,844,067 

67,681,020 

30,591,082 

Not edible. 

United Kingdom: 

4,228,568 

2,118,405 

496,117 

Edible. 

13,959,195 

8,562,015 

5,658,240 

Not edible. 

6,527,730 

6,401,670 

4,081,280 

Belgium. 

4,448,263 

5,810,237 

1,228,943 

Netherlands. 

Italy: 

200,735 

833,487 

36,764 

Edible. 

4,600,118 

15,175,585 

2,630,970 

Not edible. 

1,764 

220 

France. 

31,926; 797 

121,605,075 

20,385,936 

Sweden. 

Denmark. 

731,182 
179,455 

614,488 

305,326 

Greece. 

106,976 

2,351,122 

812,896 
2,227,135 

Norway. 

Switzerland: 

2,408,415 

Edible. 

1,875,012 

5,160,528 

1,172,406 

Not edible. 

1,381,843 

2,872,373 

1,222,010 

Finland. 

243,659 
1,679,911 

56,231 
1,821,204 

Canada. 

1,231,204 

New Zealand. 

56,247 

21,578 

87,395 

Australia. 

533,131 

98,873 

1,059,673 

Japan. 

197,025 

266,957 

423,712 








2,530,005 
754,245 
940,509 
277,028 

49,251,425 
19,572,880 
13,027,292 
622 

554,513 
626,663 
2,447,419 
396,403 

2,407,644 
16,464,614 
5,388,704 
480,653 

1,182,720 
123,200 
293,395 
36,162 

2,724,004 
20,650,268 
4,532,658 
33,204 

8,557,020 

11,135,946 

3,915,819 




20,943 

15,873 

4,230 







1,476 

1,872 

16,492 


For footnotes to this table see page 24. 






















































































































VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS. 19 


Table III.—Trade in Vegetable Oils and Oil Materials by Articles and 

Principal Countries—C ontinued. 


OLIVE OIL—Continued. 


Countries. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1913 

1919 

1920 

1913 

1919 

1920 

Union of South 

Africa t . 

Philippine Islands. 

Ceylon. 

Dutch East Indies.. 

Egypt.'.. 

Sudan, An gl o- 

Egyptian. 

Argentina. 

Brazil. 

Peru. 

Algeria. 

Spain. 

Persia. 

Venezuela. 

Pounds. 
2,343,145 
273,791 
13,783 
(*) 

4,083,034 

75,724 
52,717,198 
8,681,907 
776,500 
1,142,865 
17,721 
13,070 
1,142,124 

Pounds. 
2,060,406 
244,867 
11,603 
103,785 
1,968,556 

26,880 
29,825,857 
3,065,794 
C) 

5,767,234 
8,225 
2,567 
444,992 

Pounds. 
2,693,176 
111,707 
39,818 
(b) 

1,591,201 

44,800 

15,069,768 

9,732,632 

(») 

110,230 
21,136 
4,145 
675,487 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

1,404 

Pounds. 

4,015 




( 6 ) 

812 

C) 










C) 

3,464,088 

66,577,822 

C) 

803,136 
247,514,573 

(») 

1,719,588 

119,754,119 








CASTOR OIL. 


United States u .... 
United Kingdom... 

France v . 

Italy. 

Belgium. 

Denmark. 

Switzerland. 

Canada. 

New Zealand. 

Australia. 

Union of South 

Africa. 

Japan... 

Philippine Islands. 


39,308 
3,133,760 
459,659 
41,887 
830,951 
163, 581 
105, 600 
1,031,288 
1,258,968 
2,649,199 

1,051,453 

970,095 

149,067 


Siam. 

Straits Settlements 




and Malay States. 
Dutch East Indies.. 

British India. 

Ceylon. 

Egypt. 

Argentina. 


615,825 
94,731 


675,696 


885,901 


Brazil. 

Chile. 

Venezuela 


251,289 


Algeria 

Aden... 


83,334 

10,110 


2,812,748 
792,960 
2,949, 534 
6,451,762 
707,502 
C) 

165,036 
1,293,798 
148,050 
254,183 

1,286,115 
940,800 
1,589,517 
2,203,498 
418,590 
(») 

106,703 
960,475 
578,089 
715,241 

879,760 
1,718,936 
336,085 
24,883 

1,072,933 
885,598 
92,172 
1,863 s 

173,175 

(*) 

114,600 

(b) 

159,344 
700,644 
257, 621 

189,280 
473,183 
263,234 

153,345 

212,374 

54,013 

720 

(b) 

10,864 





24,301,760 
7,177,296 
1,169,540 
9,588,476 
( b ) 

6,245,120 
1,162,045 
1,251,992 
207,429 
(*) 

8,792,000 
6,275,394 
964,953 
1,030,880 
( b ) 







45,525 

7,751 

405 

173,494 

234 








351,825 

C) 

9,065,426 

784 

27,450 
425,829 
2,649,675 
112 

12,375 

(b) 

2,757,849 

(b) 





3,064,279 

1,465,689 



1,532 




2,512 

252 

448 


CASTOR BEANS. 


United States. 

42,208,800 
135,020,144 
24,391, 474 

60,413,300 
33,180,672 
2,403,675 

61,961,700 
32, 809,280 
7,605,429 




United Kingdom... 
Italy. 

28,731,472 
3,748 
302,148,448 
3,966, 216 
69, 888 
h 22,050 
728 

1,344,672 

10,274,880 

British India. 

18,959, 808 
2,683,415 
52,419,616 
d 178,478 
18,032 

34,789,440 
2,308,000 
48,458,124 
( 6 ) 

29 
89,467 

Dutch East Indies.. 




Brazil. 




Colombia . 




Aden 


18,032 


Argentina 










MUSTARD SEED. 


United States 


14,226,213 

9,063, 335 
192,021 
750,552 




Italy 

77, 822 
7,246, 979 


5, 708, 812 
8,359,314 

7,603,445 
2,093,592 

5,274,285 
2,777,981 

Netherlands. 

144,459 

France. 

116,449,618 

67,424,164 

38,578, 516 

318,344 

140,433 

3,063,071 

Germany. 

17,295,307 

(*) 

881,620 

9,700 

(b) 

882 


For footnotes to this table see page 24. 
























































































































20 


VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS 


Table III. —Trade in Vegetable Oils and Oil Materials by Articles and 

Principal Countries— Continued. 

MUSTARD SEED—Continued. 


Countries. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1913 

1919 

1920 

1913 

1919 

1920 

Denmark. 

Sweden.. 

Pounds. 
522,539 
252,021 
412,481 
248,199 

Pounds. 

( b ) 

637,176 

Pounds. 

( b ) 

186,732 

Pounds. 

38,581 

Pounds. 

(*) 

78, .530 

Pounds. 

d>) 

Switzerland ... . 



Australia. 

British India. 

15,929 

274,164 

78,484 

11,433,520 

3,355 
6,429,472 

3,064,320 

Ceylon. 

788,256 
6,384 
35,571,371 

449,792 
2,128 
74,222,649 

629,216 
3,360 
25,432,876 

Aden. 

Japan i . 

4,704 

8,112,196 

1,624 
3,743, 322 


RAPESEED OIL. 


United States. 

United Kingdom... 

France. 

Netherlands. 

Sweden. 

Norway®. 

Finland. 

Union of South 

Africa ®. 

China. 

British India. 

Argentina ®. 


10,829,310 
17,021,760 
15,432 
4,832, 927 
206,988 
482, 587 
10,507 

318,100 

8,375,295 
11,294,080 
4,630 
14,656, 275 
63,402 
866,051 
36,651 

59,380 

12,907,470 
3,142, 720 
488, 539 
2,343,152 
149,439 
193,601 
( b ) 

76,421 




533,346 

214,607 

18,281 





13,086,080 
69,665 
3,352,771 
1,180 

32,755,520 

16,076,480 
4,850 
7, 863,266 
424,776 

9,676,424 

1,047,170 

( 6 ) 

( b ) 

( ft ) 


469,467 
3,118,245 

24,533 
3,501,610 

3,668,280 





COLZA OIL AND MUSTARD OIL. 


France. 

New Zealand. 

Australia. 

Japan. 

59,524 
291,381 
1,054,757 

3,513,250 
4,950 
430, 927 

1,179,681 
20,841 
730,725 

Egypt. 

Venezuela. 

30,789 
421,079 

110,847 

862 

104,877 

Algeria. 

14,991 





4,041,252 

‘ 550,048 

1,978,629 

5, 816 
11,664,012 

98,117 
11,752,789 

64,016 
13,351,949 











SESAME OIL. 
* 


Netherlands. 

France. 

Denmark.... 

Sweden. 

Canada. 


3,318,569 
84,436 
3,567,484 
4,445,876 
19,580 


986,814 
9,259 
107,584 
293,631 
10,371 


652,813 
1,348,113 
383,600 
1,311,794 
11,730 


669,008 6,019,696 

12,019,259 610,454 

332,013 . 

381 . 


5,622,768 

7,080,955 

* 


14,991 


Ja^an 

China 


Philippine Islands 
British India. 


Ceylon 
Egypt*... 
Venezuela 
Algeria.... 

Aden. 

Argentina, 


300,944 


6,171 
5,120,624 
408,394 
128,310 


27,104 
849 


291,007 

10,002 

10,476 


5,034,000 


17,248 

1,689 


1,872,976 


1,517,093 

470,244 


1,664,885 

497,067 

6,213 

970,747 

* 419, 096 ' 
93 


( 6 ) 

22,848 
9,949 


387,569 
675,774 


302,022 


(*>) 

365,344 




HEMPSEED OIL. 



Denmark. 




68,784 

( b ) 

( b ) 

Norway. 

31,570 



Finland. 

83,938 


( b ) 

( b ) 

( b ) 

( b ) 


For footnotes to this table see page 24. 





























































































































VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS, 


21 


* 


Table III.—Trade in Vegetable Oils and Oil Materials by Articles and 

Principal Countries— Continued. 

SUNFLOWER SEED. 


Countries. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1913 

1919 

1920 

1913 

1919 

1920 

Denmark. 

Pounds. 

4,693,593 

Pounds. 

6,834 

Pounds. 

82,452 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Union of South 
Africa. 


1,339,236 

4,138,837 

1,154,123 

3,900,653 

Argentina. 











HEMPSEED. 


Netherlands. 

France. 

Germany. 

Denmark. 

7,337,162 
30,032,164 
21,720,160 
1,604,067 
234,179 

194,593 

4,582,922 

G) 

556,000 
145,636 
12,874,236 
12,125 

1,321,880 
♦ 3,648,172 
134,481 
5,390,908 
99,147 
21,147,063 

1,805,087 
1,567,250 
5,485,706 

42,302 

76,059 

G) 

318,117 

251,765 

1,323 

Sweden. 

172 



Japan. 



Algeria. 

108,246 










SESAME SEED. 


Italy. 

France. 

Germany. 

Denmark. 

Japan. 

Siam. 

Philippine Islands. 

British India. 

Ceylon. 

Straits Settlements 
and Malay States. 

China. 

Dutch East Indies. 
Sudan, Anglo- 

Egyptian. 

Egypt. 

Venezuela. 

Greece. 

Aden. 


G) 

45,384,116 
255,818,698 
8,857,201 
13,128,591 

19,243,072 
70,740,323 

73,743,650 
101,488,761 
55,089,647 
23,706,505 
18,283,814 

GO 

2,038,594 

G) 

245,813 

G) 

1,449,525 

30,183,179 




23,933,463 




647,480 

264,693 

251,330,128 

112 

1,488,800 

518,848 

1,034,065 

26,503,680 

189,056 




' 307;449 
110,041,904 
1,225,504 

1,268,176 
3,543,120 

3,372,544 

882,784 

3,122,560 
675,696 

4,852,933 

4,858,267 

3,881,467 

2,113,467 
271,286,267 
4,380,108 

1,648,000 

378,467,200 

6,485,089 

517,200 
274,165,333 
9 2,665,000 

265,081 

153,956 

GO 

G) 

3,438,420 

G) 

215,440 

GO 

83,433 

15,082,242 
1,507,988 

16,054,080 

4,698,913 

3,291 

19,956,160 
3,389,264 
1,063 

356,151 
4,805,584 

882,986 

1,781,696 

2,772,549 
4,362,288 


1,657,600 

387,184 

561,904 


TUNG OR CHINESE WOOD OIL. 


TTnit.pH 

42,587,085 

G) 

985,115 

53,852,595 

2,856,965 

969,937 

67,962,150 
3,531,859 
430,495 




C.annHn 




Australia. 

10,740 

G) 

53,867 

91,275 
81,794,000 

168,267 

12,792 
72,095,467 

108,933 

China 

Straits Settlements 
and Malay States. 

460,267 

519,333 

422,400 


CANDLENUT OIL. 


Philippine Islands 


305,602 


349,372 


NIGER-SEED OIL. 


France 


220 


9,039 


441 


NIGER SEED. 


TPrtmnp 

4,120,835 


24,251 

7,716 

5,512 

3,527 



20,900 

G) 

G) 






For footnotes to this table see page 24. 


































































































































22 


VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS 


♦ 


Table III.—Trade in Vegetable Oils and Oil Materials by Articles and 

Principal Countries— Continued. 

COCOA BUTTER. 


Countries. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1913 

1919 

1920 

1913 

1919 

1920 

United States. 

United Kingdom .. 

Netherlands. 

Belgium. 

France. 

Italy. 

Germany. 

Switzerland. 

Canada 

Pounds. 

4,413,323 
2,043,022 
973,157 
2,634,806 
201,280 
919,980 
207,453 
4,007,301 
1,119,602 
646,929 

34,787 

Pounds. 

1,460 
3,237,598 
11,742 
2,186,181 
863,983 
1,328,933 
( b ) 

4,141,782 
8,630,460 
913,202 

15,709 

Pounds. 

71,931 

G) 

412,271 
3,016,292 
955,694 
1,502,214 
71,429 
5,521,641 
3,257,725 
1,149,949 

74,434 

Pounds. 

11,099 
15,793,541 
65,840 
9,921 

4,435,655 

43,651 

Pounds. 
7,320,255 
250,907 
4,799,529 
56,746 
281,968 
2,645 
( b ) 

142,197 

Pounds. 
5,377,188 
( b ) 

11,596,840 
18,197 
214, 728 
5,291 
1,043,217 
29,321 

Np.w Zealand 




Union of South 

A frica 




Dutch East Indies. 
Brazil. 

G) 

18,100 

3,197 
55,794 

G) 

51,025 









CORN OIL. 


United States. 




17,788,647 

6,414,904 

12,059,479 
441 
1,900 

France. 

112,435 
4,950,689 
123,899 
30,335 

107,364 
110,120 

657,191 
273,556 

Sweden. 


15,232 

Denmark. 


Norway. 






Argentina. 




183,090 

141,158 

Venezuela 


518 










PERILLA OIL. 


Japan. 









* 1,355,631 


(*) 


POPPY-SEED OIL. 


France 


1,406,094 


9,259 


1, 406,094 


POPPY SEED. 


France. 

Germany. 

19, 740, 429 
45, 383, 455 
216, 933 

21, 778,361 
( b ) 

10,151, 080 
162, 700 

246,695 

5,291 
(*) 

61, 288 

Denmark. 



British India. 




42, 517,328 

17,326, 400 

9,636, 480 

Ceylon. 

18, 480 

21,616 

15,792 

Aden. 



1,120 

336 

448 








ILLIPE NUTS AND TANGKAWANG KERNELS. 


France y . 

263,229 
104,160 
708,512 

517,867 

3,253,770 

G) 

(*) 

23,165, 867 

14, 521,251 
( b ) 

( b ) 

8,254,133 

882 



United States. 



Belgium. 




Straits Settlements 
and Malay States. 
Dutch East Indies. 

927,067 
28, 576 

38, 879, 867 
18,986,778 

17, 845,600 







MOWRA OR ILLIPE SEED. 


British India 


74, 589,648 


4, 951, 296 


11,336,640 


For footnotes to this table see page 24. 

















































































































VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS 


23 


Table III. —Trade in Vegetable Oils and Oil Materials by Articles and 

Principal Countries— Continued. 

perilla seed. 


Countries. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1913 

1919 

1920 

1913 

1919 

1920 

Japan. 

Pounds. 

9,883,214 

Pounds. 

35,104, 458 

Pounds. 

48, 590,443 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 





TEA SEED. 

British India. 




878, 864 
22,064 

96,320 
23,296 

98,560 
19,376 

Ceylon. 

127,792 

26,208 

14,112 

RUBBER (HEVEA) SEED. 

Ceylon. 




57,344 

25,648 

19,376 






tea-seed oil. 


China. 


I 




7,596, 800 






3,285,067 


RAPESEED. 


Germany. 

United Kingdom... 

Netherlands. 

France z. 

Belgium 2 . 

Italy z. 

China. 

British India. 

Argentina. 


338,244,944 
122,718, 463 
105,619, 108 
2,776, 915 
213, 895, 819 
22, 448, 780 


183,628, 872 
14,407, 484 
92, 593 
2,227, 058 
9,190, 977 


195, 527,297 
67,112, 640 
57,933, 290 
1, 427, 037 
5,088,104 
34,357, 368 


10,982, 215 
751, 394 
42,421, 572 
250, 883 
131,679, 779 


82,236, 400 
557,771, 200 
14,379, 812 


40, 656 
30, 313 
17, 637 
127, 505 


96, 815, 600 
275,112,656 
1,204,351 


35, 053 
7, 857, 920 
3, 236, 542 
581, 353 
541,126 


31, 585, 600 
411,763, 520 
1, 383, 071 


MISCELLANEOUS OIL SEEDS.aa 


United Kingdom... 

Netherlands. 

France. 

Italy. 

Sweden. 

Dp.nma.rk 

170,909,005 
197,581, 089 
133,896, 161 
2,293, 445 
2,014,076 
4,729, 087 
4,694, 475 
2,490, 523 
6,938,533 

(«*) 

11,137,392 

316,899,352 
65,492, 998 
65,607,132 
117, 285 
504, 293 
765, 658 
27,145, 799 
(*>) 

6,969,066 

5,234,480 
3,172,624 

359,201, 920 
55,532, 438 
72,166, 479 
272, 929 
62, 589 
474,650 
33,022, 262 
(*>) 

12,133,333 

8,568,828 
2,195, 200 

20,555,472 
89, 534, 291 
2,151,690 
2,829, 384 

441 
18,519 
(*) 

100,744,800 

(») 

1,155,504 

12,956,790 
1,148, 695 
610, 233 
5,116, 877 
551 

30,036,160 
4,306, 938 
7,176, 855 
1,458,563 
11,294 

Switzerland. 

Greece. 

China. 

Union of South 

Africa. 

British India. 

Brazil. 

1,102 
291,382 
72,171,466 

11, 212 
1,791,664 
1,263,132 
32,368 

134, 701 
66, 740 
91,740,933 

QQQ 

960,960 
221, 476 
100,016 

Aden. 

45,948 

• 3,248, 

36,960 

20,944 


MISCELLANEOUS OILS.aa 


United Kingdom... 

45,651,200 

16,647,680 

45,626, 560 

7,893, 780 

3,734,080 

9, 555, 840 

Germany. 

8,689, 431 

(*) 

( b ) 

37,097, 906 

( 6 ) 

( b ) 

France. 

145, 283 

268, 079 

690, 260 

4,347, 030 

729, 723 

1,751,555 

Belgium. 

26,602, 368 

27,588,574 

14,530, 428 

47,131, 332 

13,255, 369 

20,053,699 

Italy. 

30,283, 047 

1,533, 520 

72,214, 098 

132, 496 

183, 643 

103, 616 

Switzerland. 

6,321,029 
129, 858 
1,030,816 

4,731, 292 
760, 459 

2,186, 963 
5,392, 857 
5, 297,160 

3, 968 

36, 376 

83,995 

Spain. 

3,087' 395 

35,576 

2, 909,181 

685,741 

Dutch East Indies. 

8,003,653 

(>) 

(>) 

52,390 

( b ) 

( 6 ) 


For footnotes to this table see page 24. 



































































































24 


VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL MATERIALS 


Table III. —Trade in Vegetable Oils and Oil Materials by Articles and 

Principal Countries— Continued. 

MISCELLANEOUS OILS—Continued. 


Countries. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1913 

1919 

1920 

1913 

1919 

- 

1920 

Canada. 

Netherlands. 

China. 

Pounds. 

2,390,911 
(*) 

Pounds. 

1,657,567 
2,216,423 

Pounds. 

1,871,824 
2,565,568 

Pounds. 

5,5.50,079 
2,523,080 
75, 769, 067 
3, 835,185 
369, 491 
(*0 

Pounds. 

8,784, 236 
1,459, 289 
11,638,800 
8,878, 545 
362, 877 
119,943 

Pounds. 

2,479. 792 
5,966,117 
5, 709,6@0 
1,672, 709 

(*>) 

5, 860 

British India. 

Algeria. 

Egypt. 

741,024 
1,358, 261 
7,412,328 

307,988 
913,707 
2,421,403 

2,141,811 
13,364, 285 
1,683,071 


a First half year only. 
b Statistics not available, 
c Year 1915. 
d Year 1918. 

« Includes other similar oils. 

/ Includes other palm oils, peanut, and soya bean oils. 

9 Statistics incomplete. 4 

h Year 1916. 

* Includes coconuts. 

3 Includes rapeseed. 
k Includes liempseed. 
i Includes castor oil. 

m Includes sesame seed. 
n Includes palm-kernel oil. 
o Includes shea butter. 

V Palm-nut oil. 

q Includes some coconut and peanut oil. 
r Palm nuts. 

* Includes palm nuts. 
t Includes salad oil. 

u For domestic consumption. 

»Includes curcas. 

Includes colza oil. 
x Includes tahina. 
y Includes mowra and carapa. 
z Includes colza. 

™ Includes oils and oil materials not shown by countries in the individual commodity tables. For 
example, miscellaneous oil materials imported into India include all oil materials imported, except 
sesame seeds and copra. The oils and materials included in the miscellaneous classification differ, 
therefore, for each country. 























































































































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* 















































































































































































































































































































































































































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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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